By the way 1884 was a very interesting year. For one thing it's as Presidential election year that saw one of the closest US elections ever. Democrat Grover Cleveland beat James Gillespie in the popular vote by just 20,005 votes and with 219 Electoral Votes to 182. As the Harper's Weekly from the time 1884 below indicates the election of 1884 was not without its controversy.

"The Sacred Elephant" Category: Republican Nomination Source: Harper's Weekly Date: March 8, 1884, p. 149

In this Harper's Weekly cover illustration, political cartoonist Thomas Nast (lower-right) presents to the nation the grand, gigantic Republican Elephant (a partisan symbol the artist popularized). Published months before the Republican nominating convention, the cartoon warns delegates not to choose a corrupt standard-bearer, i.e., James Blaine of Maine. The belt around the elephant reads "Civil Service Reform," and the words in the caption, "pure" and "clean," were often used to describe government operating under the merit system of civil service reform, as opposed to the corruption allegedly encouraged by the patronage (or "spoils") system of government service.

In 1883, Congress enacted the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, but it covered only a limited number of federal employees. Since the scope of the law could be expanded by executive order, it was crucial that the next president be committed to the reform. As a former congressman and senator, Blaine was on record opposing civil service reform, he was known as a "spoilsman," and he had been implicated in scandals in which he used his political influence to profit financially. Thus, to civil service reformers like Nast and Harper's Weekly editor George William Curtis, Blaine was the epitome of what was wrong with the political system: he was a corrupt, self-serving politician who manipulated public office to secure wealth and power for himself at the expense of the common good.

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